#9 - In Situ Thermal Remediation
Ralph S. Baker, TerraTherm, Inc., Fitchburg, MA
John LaChance, TerraTherm, Inc., Fitchburg, MA

 In Situ Thermal Remediation (ISTR) comprises several robust technologies that have been proven to be able to clean up DNAPL and other organic compound-contaminated source zones in a wide range of subsurface settings, including all soil types both above and below the water table, and in fractured rock.  These technologies include In Situ Thermal Desorption (ISTD), Steam-Enhanced Extraction (SEE) and Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH).  This workshop covers the following topics: (a) overview of ISTR technologies, combinations thereof, and their applicability; (b) selection of target temperatures for various contaminant classes; (c) physicochemical mechanisms underlying ISTR technologies; (d) what happens to the NAPL; (e) in situ destruction reactions; (f) how to optimize operations to achieve maximum remedial efficiency; (g) case studies of ISTD, SEE and ERH, including both lower and higher-temperature applications; and (h) how to choose the optimal heating technique for a site, including data needed for technology screening, cost evaluation, and design. 

 #10 - Identifying Background
Stephen Emsbo-Mattingly, NewFields Environmental Forensics Practice, Rockwood, MA
James Henderson, NewFields Atlanta, Atlanta, GA
Gregory Douglas, NewFields Environmental Forensics Practice, Rockwood, MA

Environmental investigations frequently need to identify ambient background conditions.  Regulatory agencies promulgate a wide variety of State or Regional standards that recommend maximum permissible contaminant concentrations with a conservative bias.  These regulatory standards typically work well for areas that are unimpacted by anthropogenic background.  As recognized in many regulatory guidance documents, these standards must be applied to specific sites with caution.  Background data from many States, government, and independent parties will be presented to emphasize this point.  Risk assessments offer one of the more effective strategies for determining alternative action standards.  This session features additional strategies for identifying and quantifying background.

 The alternative strategies for identifying background include physical observations, probability plots, geostatistics, and chemical composition.  Physical observations can include details from the field notes, like the presence of fill materials or anomalous stratigraphy.  Probability plots provide EPA approved statistical techniques for determining background using onsite data.  Geostatistical tools, such as variography, use onsite data to demonstrate geospatial patterns of contaminants that are consistent with fresh releases, aged releases, and background.  Chemical composition data use diagnostic ratios and other forensic tools to demonstrate background by comparing site data to source material or reference samples. Many of these strategies are particularly helpful for sites with no comparable reference area.  Case studies will include VOCs, PAHs, PCBs, and metals in various media including soil, sediment, water, tissue, and air.

#11 - In-Situ Chemical Oxidation Workshop
Philip Block, FMC Corporation, Philadelphia, PA
Pamela J. Dugan, Carus Chemical Company, Peru, IL
William B. Kerfoot, Kerfoot Technologies, Inc., Mashpee, MA
William Moody, GeoCleanse International, Matawan, NJ

To provide up-to-date information on in-situ chemical oxidation, this workshop combines vendor presentations with professional consultant experience.  Major oxidants to be considered are: 

• Permanganate – MnO₄¯
• Persulfate – S₂O₈² ¯
• Fenton’s Reagent
• Ozone – O₃, Perozone – O₃/H₂O₂

In-situ chemical oxidation using ozone, Perozone®, Fenton’s Reagent, persulfate, permanganate or combinations can be an effective innovative technology for destroying organic contaminants within the ground water aquifer where they occur.  Each oxidant requires certain design considerations for proper application.  This workshop concentrates on the following topics: 

• Oxidant chemistry principles
• Available oxidants/compound stoichiometry
• Oxidant selection/site characterization
• Laboratory bench-scale tests
• Field pilot tests
• Regulatory concerns
• Case histories and time to closure

 Presentations will be made by vendors who supply equipment and consulting firms with specific site experience.  Case studies will be presented where design and operational issues will be discussed.

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