Peroxide-Coated Nanobubble Ozone Emulsions for Spill cleanup in Groundwater and Fractured Rock
William B. Kerfoot, Kerfoot Technologies, Inc., Mashpee, MA 

Perozone® Groundwater Sparging at the Days Inn Lake City Pre-Approval Site
Edward M. Kellar and Chris Mikler, MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc., Newberry, FL  

Ozone Oxidation for Source Removal and a Prevention Barrier at a Fire Training Academy
Scott Michaud and Thomas C. Cambareri, Cape Cod Commission, Barnstable, MA   

Experiences of Perozone® and C-Sparge™ at Two Former Dry Cleaner Sites in the Netherlands
Bert Scheffer and Edward van de Ven, Verhoeve Milieu bv, Hoog-Keppel, The Netherlands  

Successful Integration of Perozone and Monitored Natural Attenuation for Site Cleanup
Matthew Burns, Michael Brown and Gigi Beaulieu, WSP Environmental Strategies LLC, Boxborough, MA 

Peroxide-Coated Nanobubble Ozone Emulsions for Spill Cleanup in Groundwater and Fractured Rock

William B. Kerfoot, Kerfoot Technologies, Inc., 766-B Falmouth Road, Mashpee, MA 02649, Tel:  508-539-3002, Fax:  508-539-3566, Email:  wbkerfoot@kerfoottech.com

Peroxide-coated ozone nanobubbles have been developed which persist in solution as an emulsion, can be pulsed through groundwater and soil, broadening the horizon for cost-effective treatment.  Firstly, larger plume regions can be treated with fewer drilled wells.  Secondly, the reactivity to treat chlorinated ethenes (e.g., TCE) greatly exceeds previously measured air stripping efficiencies (Henry’s partitioning coefficients).  Thirdly, the ability to maintain suspension allows pulsed nanobubbles to travel long distances in fractured bedrock and be used in a scrubbing fashion with compression waves.

Laboratory testing to field examples are presented to illustrate the behavior of the nanobubble ozone and applications.  While early microbubble ozone exhibited a 12% increase in efficiency of treatment of TCE, coated nanobubble ozone shows up to five times the removal rate of air sparging.  Previous injection of microbubble ozone showed promise for treating Karst geology with fractures contaminated by TCE at a military installation, but there was concern that gas buildup in downward-bent tubes may airlock liquid flow.  With negatively-charged bubble emulsion forms of ozone, coalescing problems are overcome, and the mixture, though compressive, flows as a liquid.

A summary of results will be discussed.

Perozone® Groundwater Sparging at the Days Inn Lake City Pre-Approval Site

Edward M. Kellar and Chris Mickler, MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc., 404 SW 40^th Terrace, Newberry, FL  32669, Tel: 352-332-3318, Fax: 352-333-6623, Email: emkellar@mactec.com

A full-scale microbubble Perozone® sparging system was installed on a former unleaded gas station site.  Gas phase ozone sparging with dilute liquid hydrogen peroxide injection was introduced in the source zone via five laminar Spargepoints® coupled with ozone-only sparging into seven surrounding standard microbubble Spargepoints®. Operation was initiated in August, 2005.   Groundwater volatile aromatic (BTEX) compound concentrations in source wells decreased from a historical maximum of 7,700 µg/L to non-detect in several monitor wells by the end of two quarters of operation. 

Site geology consisted of silty sand and fine sands with a treatment zone under asphalt paving extending from water table nominally at 3-foot bgs to the confining clay layer at 22-24 feet bgs.  Past initial remedial actions included limited tank removal source excavation and additional assessment under the FDEP pre-approval program.

Spargepoint® programming adjustments have focused oxidant application on a remaining area where limited sparging has shown continued presence of desorbing BTEX mass.  Two source zone wells with recalcitrant VOCs in an area of fine flowing sands are receiving additional attention to improve coverage because lower permeability with high formation back pressures has limited aggressive injection radius of influence.  Perimeter ozone-only Spargepoints® have reduced groundwater to non-detectable BTEX and maintained an outer oxidative band with no rebound; programmed operation has been reduced to a minimum. 

The presentation will focus on design and installation details, startup test sequences, in-situ DO and ORP performance monitoring, remote telemetry alarm features, and lessons learned regarding maintenance requirements, construction materials suitable with ozone use in Florida heat, and the use of kinetics analysis to predict treatment time to endpoints.

Ozone Oxidation for Source Removal and Prevention Barrier at a Fire Training Academy

Scott C. Michaud, Cape Cod Commission, 3225 Main Street, PO Box 226, Barnstable, MA 02630, USA, Tel: 508-362-3828, Fax: 508-362-3136, Email: smichaud@capecodcommission.org
Thomas C. Cambareri, LSP, Cape Cod Commission, 3225 Main Street, PO Box 226, Barnstable, MA 02630, USA, Tel: 508- 362-3828, Fax: 508-362-3136, Email: tcambareri@capecodcommission.org

The Barnstable Fire Training Academy is a multi-plume site resulting from chronic releases of petroleum hydrocarbons to the environment during simulated fire-fighting conditions over several decades as an “industrial/commercial” use in a Zone II public water-supply area. Use of petroleum at the site ended in 1986. Multiple source removals were conducted over the subsequent 20 years. While a pump-and-treat containment system was successful in reducing the down-gradient extent of petroleum in groundwater, source areas continued to release slugs of contamination to groundwater from contaminated soil at the water table. The site is located in a highly permeable aquifer suitable for an air-sparging system. The C-Sparge/Perozone® system manufactured by Kerfoot Technologies, Inc. was selected to treat residual smear zones. The system consists of 12 sparge points that deliver ozone-amended air and peroxide to contaminated areas. The sparge points are dual-stacked in source areas in recognition that a deep sparge point can influence a wider lateral area, while a shallow sparge point concentrates treatment closer to the point. The system was brought on line in March 2006 and continuous peroxide injection commenced in April 2006. Over the subsequent 6 months, significant reductions in concentrations of BTEX, naphthalene and associated volatile organics (VOC) were reported for groundwater samples collected from contaminant source areas. In other source areas, low dissolved oxygen and redox measurements and limited VOC reductions point to blocked treatment pathways in sediments around some sparge wells. Where significant reductions in contaminant concentrations were achieved, a subsequent rebound of VOC concentrations observed while the sparge system was temporarily inoperable indicates that contaminated soil in smear zones continue to be a source of contaminants leaching to groundwater.

Experiences of PerozoneÒ and C-Sparge^TM at Two Former Dry Cleaner Sites in The Netherlands

Bert Scheffer, Verhoeve Milieu bv, Dorpsstraat 32, P.O. Box 4, 6997 ZG Hoog-Keppel, The Netherlands, Tel: 31 (0)314 38 93 23, Fax: 31 (0)314 38 20 96, Email: B.Scheffer@VerhoeveGroep.com
Edward van de Ven,Verhoeve Milieu bv, Aventurijn 600, P.O. Box 3073, 3301 DB Dordrecht, The Netherlands
William B. Kerfoot, Kerfoot Technologies, Inc., 766-B Falmouth Road, Mashpee, MA 02649, Tel:  508-539-3002, Fax:  508-539-3566, Email:  wbkerfoot@kerfoottech.com 

C-Sparge^TM, better known as ozone sparging (microbubble ozone), is used for treatment of the plume zone area with VOCs, mainly PCE, at a former dry cleaner site in Utrecht . The City of Utrecht has had good results with C-Sparge^TM in combination with pump and treat.  Prior to the application of C-Sparge^TM, pump and treat was used for removal of mass in the plume until tailing of the groundwater concentrations occurred.  The concentrations of PCE in the extracted groundwater stagnated at 2,000 ppb.  Before start-up of the C-Sparge^TM system, a 3-week field pilot test funded by the Dutch organization SKB was conducted to study mobilization effects.  In the plume area, no mobilization effects were found. After that, in September, 2005, C-Sparge^TM full-scale application was started.  Together the pilot test and full-scale system lowered PCE groundwater concentrations from ppm-level (max. 15 ppm) to low ppb-level (400 ppb) in about 125 days. After about 700 days of treatment, the PCE groundwater concentrations decreased to below the Dutch Intervention Level (40 ppb). At 13 m from the Spargepoints®, a significant PCE concentration decrease was detected (from 2,000 ppb to 13 ppb). Currently, the remediation is in the tail end, and the site remediation will be closed.

Successful Integration of Perozone and Monitored Natural Attenuation for Site Cleanup

Matthew Burns, WSP Environment & Energy, 300 Trade Center, Woburn, MA  01801, Tel: 781-933-7340, Fax: 781-933-7369, Email: matt.burns@wspgroup.com
Michael Brown, WSP Environment & Energy, 1740 Massachusetts Avenue, Boxborough, MA  01719, Tel: 978-635-9600, Email:  michael.brown@wspgroup.com
Giselle Beaulieu, WSP Environment & Energy, 1740 Massachusetts Avenue, Boxborough, MA  01719, Tel: 978-635-9600, Email:  gigi.beaulieu@wspgroup.com

A historical release of coolant containing chlorinated solvents led to a 1,200-foot-long dissolved volatile organic compound (VOC) plume at a central Georgia manufacturing facility. Site characterization discovered a continuing vadose zone source, elevated dissolved VOC concentrations in the source area (50 mg/l), temporally decreasing VOC concentrations, and evidence of chlororespiration.   Application of molecular biological tools, primarily the use of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) taxonomic and functional gene analysis,   conclusively demonstrated that Dehalococcoides spp (DHC) and key dechlorinating enzymes were present at the site.  This provided evidence that the plume was stable as a result of natural attenuation.     

To minimize the remedial timeframe and gain regulatory approval for monitored natural attenuation (MNA), source area soils and source area groundwater containing VOC concentrations greater than 0.5 mg/l were targeted for active remediation.  Source area soil excavation and groundwater chemical oxidation using Perozone® were the selected technologies for these areas of concern.  Key criteria for the selection of Perozone® were its compatibility with MNA and large radius of influence as compared to aqueous-phase oxidants.

Top